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Joseph-Marie, comte de Maistre (;〔"Maistre" is traditionally pronounced (:mɛstʁ) (i.e. sounding the "s" and rhyming with ''bourgmestre''); that is how it is usually heard at university and in historical movies (e.g. in Sacha Guitry's 1948 film ). The pronunciation (:mɛtʁ) (rhymes with ''maître'') is sometimes heard, under the influence of the modernized pronunciation adopted by some descendants (such as ).〕 1 April 1753 – 26 February 1821) was a Savoyard philosopher, writer, lawyer, and diplomat. He defended hierarchical societies and a monarchical State in the period immediately following the French Revolution.〔Beum, Robert (1997). ("Ultra-Royalism Revisited," ) ''Modern Age'', Vol. 39, No. 3, p. 305.〕 Maistre was a subject of the King of Piedmont-Sardinia, whom he served as member of the Savoy Senate (1787–1792), ambassador to Russia (1803–1817),〔("Joseph de Maistre," ) ''The Dublin Review'', Vol. XXXIII, 1852.〕 and minister of state to the court in Turin (1817–1821).〔The issue of Maistre's national identity has long been contentious. In 1802, after the invasion of Savoy and Piedmont by the armies of the French First Republic, Maistre had fled in Cagliari, the ancient capital of Kingdom of Sardinia that resisted to the French invasion, wrote to the French ambassador in Naples, objecting to having been classified as a French ''émigré'' and thus subject to confiscation of his properties and punishment should he attempt to return to Savoy. According to the biographical notice written by his son Rodolphe and included in the ''Complete Works'', on that occasion Maistre wrote that Sources such as the (''Encyclopaedia Britannica'' ) and the (''Catholic Encyclopedia'' ) identify Maistre as French, by culture if not by law. In 1860 Albert Blanc, professor of law at the University of Turin, in his preface to a collection of Maistre's diplomatic correspondence wrote that: 〕 Maistre, a key figure of the Counter-Enlightenment,〔Masseau, Didier (2000). ''Les Ennemis des Philosophes.'' Editions Albin Michel.〕 saw monarchy both as a divinely sanctioned institution and as the only stable form of government.〔Alibert, Jacques (1992). ''Joseph de Maistre, Etat et Religion.'' Paris: Perrin.〕 He called for the restoration of the House of Bourbon to the throne of France and argued that the Pope should have ultimate authority in temporal matters. Maistre also claimed that it was the rationalist rejection of Christianity which was directly responsible for the disorder and bloodshed which followed the French Revolution of 1789.〔Lebrun, Richard (1989). "The Satanic Revolution: Joseph de Maistre's Religious Judgment of the French Revolution", ''Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Western Society for French History'', Vol. 16, pp. 234–240.〕〔Garrard, Graeme (1996). "Joseph de Maistre's Civilization and its Discontents," ''Journal of the History of Ideas'', Vol. 57, No. 3, pp. 429–446.〕 ==Biography== Maistre was born in 1753 at Chambéry, in the Duchy of Savoy, which at that time was part of the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia, ruled by the House of Savoy. His family was of French origin. His grandfather André Maistre, who came from Provence, had been a draper and councilman in Nice (then under the rule of the House of Savoy), and his father François-Xavier, who moved to Chambéry in 1740, became a magistrate and senator, eventually receiving the title of count from the King of Piedmont-Sardinia. His mother's family, whose surname was Desmotz, were from Rumilly.〔 Preview available (here )〕 Joseph's younger brother, Xavier, who became an army officer, was a popular writer of fiction. Joseph was probably educated by the Jesuits.〔 After the Revolution, he became an ardent defender of their Order, increasingly associating the spirit of the Revolution with the Jesuits' traditional enemies, the Jansenists. After completing his training in the law at the University of Turin in 1774, he followed in his father's footsteps by becoming a Senator in 1787. A member of the progressive Scottish Rite Masonic lodge at Chambéry from 1774 to 1790,〔Vulliaud, Paul (1926). ''Joseph de Maistre Franc-maçon.'' Paris: Nourry.〕 Maistre originally favoured political reform in France, supporting the efforts of the magistrates in the Parlements to force King Louis XVI to convene the Estates General. As a landowner in France, Maistre was eligible to join that body, and there is some evidence that he contemplated that possibility. He was alarmed, however, by the decision of the States-General to combine clergy, aristocracy, and commoners into a single legislative body, which became the National Constituent Assembly. After the passing of the August Decrees on 4 August 1789 he decisively turned against the course of political events in France.〔Greifer, Elisha (1961). "Joseph de Maistre and the Reaction Against the Eighteenth Century," ''The American Political Science Review'', Vol. 55, No. 3, pp. 591–598.〕 Maistre fled Chambéry when it was taken by a French revolutionary army in 1792, but unable to find a position in the royal court in Turin, he returned the following year. Deciding that he could not support the French-controlled regime, he departed again, this time for Lausanne, in Switzerland.〔Bordeaux, Henri (1895). "Joseph de Maistre à Genève et à Lausanne". In: ''Semaine Littéraire'', II, pp. 478–480.〕 There he discussed politics and theology at the salon of Madame de Staël, and began his career as a counter-revolutionary writer,〔Ferret, Olivier (2007). ''La Fureur de Nuire: Échanges Pamphlétaires entre Philosophes et Antiphilosophes, 1750-1770.'' Oxford: Voltaire Foundation.〕 with works such as ''Lettres d'un Royaliste Savoisien'' ("Letters from a Savoyard Royalist", 1793), ''Discours à Mme. la Marquise Costa de Beauregard, sur la Vie et la Mort de son Fils'' ("Discourse to the Marchioness Costa de Beauregard, on the Life and Death of her Son", 1794) and ''Cinq paradoxes à la Marquise de Nav...'' ("Five Paradoxes for the Marchioness of Nav...", 1795).〔 From Lausanne, Maistre went to Venice, and then to Cagliari, where the King of Piedmont-Sardinia held the court and the government of the kingdom after French armies took Turin in 1798. Maistre's relations with the court at Cagliari were not always easy〔 and in 1802 he was sent to Saint Petersburg in Russia,〔Teeling, T.T. (1985). ("Joseph de Maistre," ) ''The American Catholic Quarterly Review'', Vol. XX, p. 824.〕 as ambassador to Tsar Alexander I. His diplomatic responsibilities were few, and he became a well-loved fixture in aristocratic circles, converting some of his friends to Roman Catholicism, and writing his most influential works on political philosophy. Maistre's observations on Russian life, contained in his diplomatic memoirs and in his personal correspondence, were among Tolstoy's sources for his novel ''War and Peace''.〔 After the defeat of Napoleon and the restoration of the House of Savoy's dominion over Piedmont and Savoy (under the terms of the Congress of Vienna), Maistre returned in 1817 to Turin, and served there as magistrate and minister of state until his death. He died on 26 February 1821 and is buried in the Jesuit Church of the Holy Martyrs (''Chiesa dei Santi Martiri''). 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Joseph de Maistre」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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